Hypermobile travellers

Gössling, S., Ceron, J-P., Dubios, G. & Hall, C.M. 2009, Hypermobile travellers, pp.131-149 in Climate Change and Aviation, eds. S. Gössling & P. Upham, Earthscan, London.

draft of chapter only, for authoritative version please see the Earthscan book: http://www.earthscan.co.uk/?tabid=42745

Introduction
The contribution of aviation to climate change is, with a global share of just 2% of emissions of CO2 (see chapter 2, this volume), often regarded as negligible. This perspective ignores, however, the current and expected growth in air traffic, as well as its socio-cultural drivers. Aviation is a rapidly growing sector, with annual passenger growth forecasts of 4.9% in the coming 20 years (Airbus 2008). In a carbon-constrained world with the ambition to reduce absolute levels of greenhouse gas emissions and limited options to technically achieve these (see chapter 13, this volume), the growth in air traveller numbers thus indicates an emerging conflict (see also chapter 4, this volume). Moreover, it becomes increasingly clear that aviation is an activity in which comparably few people participate. With regard to international aviation, it can be assumed that only about 2-3% of the world’s population fly in between any two countries over one consecutive year (Peeters et al. 2006), indicating that participation in air travel is highly unequally distributed on a global scale. The vast majority of air travellers currently originate from industrialized countries, even though there are some recent trends, particularly in China and India, showing rapid growth in air travel (cf. UNWTO 2007). There is also evidence that air travel is unevenly distributed within nations, particularly those with already high levels of individual mobility. In industrialized countries there is evidence of a minority of highly mobile individuals, who account for a large share of the overall kilometres travelled, especially by air. These travellers are “hypermobile” in terms of participation in frequent trips, often over great distances. The following chapter sets out to describe hypermobile travellers and their mobility patterns from both statistical and sociological perspectives. It also presents a case study of the distribution of mobility in France, and discusses the importance of hypermobile lifestyles for emissions of greenhouse gases and climate change more generally.

The Challenges of Tourism as a Development Strategy in an Era of Global Climate Change

Gössling, S., Hall, C.M. and Scott, D. 2009, The Challenges of Tourism as a Development Strategy in an Era of Global Climate Change, in Rethinking Development in a Carbon-Constrained World. ed. E. Palosou, Development Cooperation and Climate Change. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Helsinki. DRAFT ONLY

Draft of chapter for Finland's Ministry of Foreign Affairs book.

The publication "Rethinking Development in a Carbon-Constrained World. Development Cooperation and Climate Change" was launched in Bonn, Germany, at the 30th sessions of the UNFCCC Convention subsidiary bodies (1 to 12 June 2009) as part of a government of Finland event. In addition, the publication will be distributed in Bangkok in the context of the Ninth Session of the AWG-KP and seventh session of the AWG-LCA in September. The complete book is available from the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs website for free downloading:
http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=165894

Degrowing Tourism: Décroissance, Sustainable Consumption and Steady-State Tourism

Hall, C.M. (2009) Degrowing Tourism: Décroissance, Sustainable Consumption and Steady-State Tourism. Anatolia: An International of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(1), 46-61

Tourism studies has a tradition of seeking alternative pathways to economic development that minimise negative externalities for destinations. However, despite discourses that focus on sustainability and conservation tourism’s contribution to global environmental change have continued to increase. Instead, the contribution of tourism to sustainable development should be understood in the context of degrowth processes that offer an alternative discourse to the economism paradigm that reifies economic growth in terms of GDP. A paradigm supported by institutions such as the UNWTO. A steady state understanding of sustainability is postulated that stresses both efficiency and sufficiency in terms of the natural capital and ecological resources on which economic throughput is based. Steady state tourism is therefore defined as a tourism system that encourages qualitative development but not aggregate quantitative growth that unsustainably reduces natural capital.

Key words: Degrowth, décroissance, economism, steady-state tourism, sustainable consumption, sustainable tourism, slow tourism.

Please note that the figures used in Table 1 in this version are the correct numbers taken from Hall and Lew (2009), as the previous figures had been mistranscribed and this was not picked up at the time of final editing.

The journal website is at http://www.anatoliajournal.com/

draft of paper prepared for the special issue of ANATOLIA dedicated to its 20th anniversary.

Innovation and Tourism Policy in Australia and New Zealand: Never the Twain Shall Meet?

Hall, C.M., Innovation and tourism policy in Australia and New Zealand: Never the twain shall meet? Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(1), 2-18. <DOI: 10.1080/19407960802703466>

There is a significant growth in the tourism literature on the role of innovation in firm and destination competitiveness. Yet despite interest in innovation there has been little discussion of the way that innovation policy and tourism policy intersects at the national level and inform each other. The study examines the relationship between tourism and innovation in the national policies of Australia and New Zealand, two countries which have placed substantial emphasis on the economic significance of tourism as well as the development of effective national innovation systems. Following a brief introduction to tourism in the two countries the study details the recognition of innovation in national tourism policy and recognition of tourism in national innovation policy. Innovation is identified as significant in both countries’ tourism policies but there is little indication of how such innovation will be encouraged by the state. Furthermore, even though innovation and tourism policies are developed in closely associated ministries and departments there appears to be little, if any, mutual recognition of policy developments. It is concluded that in spite of tourism’s economic significance to both countries broader innovation policy also does not recognise tourism as being neither a particularly innovative field, nor an area which can contribute to innovation and competitiveness

This is a preprint of an article whose final and definitive form has been published in the Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events © 2009 Taylor & Francis. Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events is available online at: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/19407963.asp and http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t789751078~db=all

Abstract

Hay un significativo aumento en la literatura del papel de la innovacioacuten en la empresa y en la competitividad de los destinos. Sin embargo, el intereacutes en la innovacioacuten todaviacutea se centra en alguna discusioacuten sobre la forma en que las poliacuteticas de innovacioacuten y las de turismo se cruzan a nivel nacional y coacutemo se informan una a otra. Este estudio examina la relacioacuten entre las poliacuteticas nacionales de turismo e innovacioacuten de Australia y Nueva Zelanda, dos paiacuteses que han puesto un eacutenfasis considerable en la importancia econoacutemica del turismo asiacute como en el desarrollo de sistemas de innovacioacuten nacionales efectivos. Tras una breve introduccioacuten al turismo en los dos paiacuteses, el estudio detalla el reconocimiento de la innovacioacuten en la poliacutetica turiacutestica nacional y el reconocimiento del turismo en la poliacutetica de innovacioacuten nacional. La innovacioacuten se identifica como significativa en la poliacutetica turiacutestica de ambos paiacuteses pero hay pocos detalles de coacutemo tal innovacioacuten seraacute fomentada por el Estado. Ademaacutes, aunque las poliacuteticas de innovacioacuten y turismo son desarrolladas por ministerios y departamentos estrechamente asociados parece haber poco reconocimiento mutuo de los desarrollos de las poliacuteticas. Se concluye que a pesar de la importancia econoacutemica del turismo en ambos paiacuteses, las poliacuteticas de innovacioacuten maacutes amplias tampoco reconocen el turismo ni como un campo de innovacioacuten ni como un aacuterea que puede contribuir a la innovacioacuten y a la competitividad.

Keywords: Australia; Nueva Zelanda; innovacioacuten; poliacutetica; competitividad

Reacutesumeacute

On remarque un important deacuteveloppement de la litteacuterature sur le rocircle innovateur de l'industrie du tourisme et la compeacutetitiviteacute des zones d'attractions. Jusqu'ici, malgreacute l'inteacuterecirct en innovation, il y a eu tregraves peu de discussions de la faccedilon dont la politique d'innovation et la politique du tourisme s'entrecroisent en se compleacutetant au niveau national.

Cette eacutetude examine la relation entre le tourisme et l'innovation dans les politiques nationales en Australie et en Nouvelle Zeacutelande, deux pays qui ont substantiellement mis l'accent sur l'apport eacuteconomique du tourisme, ainsi que sur le deacuteveloppement des systegravemes nationaux d'innovation en vigueur.

Apregraves une bregraveve introduction au tourisme dans les deux pays, cette eacutetude analyse la reconnaissance d'innovation au sein de la politique nationale du tourisme et la reconnaissance du tourisme au sein de la politique nationale d'innovation.

L'innovation s'identifie comme significatif au sein des politiques du tourisme dans les deux pays, mais rien ne montre clairement agrave quel point l'Etat encouragera une telle innovation.

En outre, mecircme si l'innovation et les politiques du tourisme sont deacuteveloppeacutees en eacutetroite collaboration entre les ministegraveres et les deacutepartements, il semble que la reconnaissance mutuelle, s'il existe, entre les politiques de deacuteveloppement, soit insignifiante.

En guise de conclusion, loin de miser sur l'importance eacuteconomique du tourisme pour les deux pays, la politique d'innovation eacutelargie ne reconnaicirct le touristique comme eacutetant ni un champs d'innovation particuliegravere, ni un domaine susceptible de contribuer agrave l'innovation et agrave la compeacutetitiviteacute.

Mots clefs: Australie; Nouvelle Zeacutelande; innovation; politique; compeacutetitiviteacute

International Business Travel by New Zealand Firms: An Exploratory Study of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Practices

Paper to be presented at CAUTHE 2009 Conference, Fremantle, February 2009

International business travel is an important element of firm connectivity to business networks and markets. Such international connectivity is also extremely significant for firms in locations where domestic factors, including limited size of market, limit firm growth. Climate change mitigation and adaptation measures may potentially affect aviation and therefore the costs of undertaking business travel and maintaining or enhancing connectivity. International business travellers also represent a group of hypermobile travellers that are recognised as having some of the highest sets of per capita emissions from aviation. However, there is limited knowledge on how the business travel market, which is relatively inelastic in demand, will adapt and respond to mitigation efforts. Therefore, the paper presents an exploratory analysis of the international travel behaviour of 47 respondents to a semi-structured interview survey conducted in 2006 and 2007 in the South Island of New Zealand. The results indicate a low level of knowledge of mitigation measures and a high level of commitment to future international travel as no immediate substitute for the value of face-to-face contact is recognised. The results of the research have potentially substantial implications for understanding the application of mitigation and adaptation measures to this specific market. (Draft as of 5 November 2008)

Tourism, Change and Time: Time Concepts and Understanding Tourism Related Change

Paper accepted for the CAUTHE conference, Fremantle, February 2009.

Change is an essential element of the study of tourism. In order to be able to understand change it is also necessary to understand time yet there is surprisingly little research on the implications of the various dimensions of time on tourism. The paper identifies some of the key concepts of time as they are applied in tourism and comments on some of their implications. It is divided into two main sections. The first discusses time as a physical dimension, a view of time as something that can be measured precisely. This has implications for technical definitions of tourism, the conduct of time-series analysis, and the understanding of tourism systems. The second section examines time as a social construct. Social time indicates time with content: tourism related phenomena in the process of change. Key time related concepts discussed here include time-space compression, time-space convergence, time-space distanciation and time-geography. Social time is also connected to the understanding of historical periods in which tourism is variously implicated. The paper concludes by highlighting the significance of scale of analysis in understanding change and the connectivities between different scales, using the example of climate change. (Paper provided is the draft as of 1 November 2008)

Changement climatique, authenticité et marketing des régions nordiques : conséquences sur le tourisme finlandais et la « plus grande marque au monde » ou « Les changements climatiques finiront-ils par tuer le père Noël

published in Téoros, 28(1), (2009): 69-79.

Cet article expose le rôle du père Noël comme élément important du marketing et de la compétitivité des hautes latitudes nordiques. Bien que souvent associé à la Finlande et à la Laponie nous démontrons qu’un certain nombre de destinations tendent à utiliser le père Noël comme un moyen de développer un avantage construit. Cependant, nous soutenons que la valeur du père Noël comme moyen de différencier une destination s’amoindrira à court terme en raison de la perte d’authenticité qui découle de la concurrence d’autres destinations et peut-être davantage à long terme à la suite des conséquences du changement climatique.

The article outlines the role of Santa Claus as a significant factor in northern high latitude place marketing and competition. Although perhaps best associated with Finland and Lapland, it is noted that there are a number of places that seek to use Santa Claus as a way of constructing place advantage. However, it is argued that the value of Santa Claus as a means to differentiate a place is being eroded by the loss of authenticity as a result of place competition in the short-term and, perhaps more seriously in the longer-term, by the potential impacts of climate change.

this is a draft pdf of the paper. Please see the journal for the authoritative definition.

Santa Claus, place branding and competition

Hall, C.M. 2008, Santa Claus, place branding and competition. Fennia: International Journal of Geography, 186(1): 59-67.

Santa Claus has been described as the world’s strongest brand. Although Santa Claus has been examined in the context of product and retail branding the Santa mythology has been little discussed with respect to place branding. The article examines Santa Claus in relation to place branding and competition and provides a number of international examples where Santa is integrated into place branding strategies in order to construct regional advantage, particularly with respect to attracting tourists. Such strategies are regarded as extremely significant for peripheral areas which otherwise do not have the resources available for place branding that urban areas do. The paper concludes by noting potential future issues for Santa related place branding and Christmas tourism including the impact of climate change and issues of authenticity.

draft manuscript provided

Sharing space with visitors: The servicescape of the commercial exurban home

Hall, C.M. 2009, Sharing space with visitors: The servicescape of the commercial exurban home, pp.60-72 in The Commercial Home, eds. P. Lynch, A. McIntosh & H. Tucker, Routledge, London.

This is the draft version of the chapter - complete with typos and errors!

Servicescapes, designscapes, branding and the creation of place-identity: South of Litchfield, Christchurch

Hall, C.M. 2009, Servicescapes, designscapes, branding and the creation of place-identity: South of Litchfield, Christchurch. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 25(3/4): 233 – 250 < DOI: 10.1080/10548400802508077>.

Place branding lies at the intersection of tourism geography and marketing Contemporary place branding requires the use of hardware, in the form of servicescapes and designscapes that are developed via architecture, design and heritage; and software, in the form of branding, marketing and promotion. Both hardware and software are studied in the case of the South of Litchfield development project in Christchurch, New Zealand. The study highlights the way that aesthetic and consumptive practices are used to appeal to specific lifestyle groups. At a meta-theoretical level the study indicates that the study of hegemonic cultural processes needs to be extended beyond that of brands to note the way that design ideas, such as ‘new urbanism’, are applied in local contexts. It is concluded that while places use branding and design to differentiate themselves the uncritical adoption of top-down design ideas via real estate and design agents only served to homogenise place and deny authenticity.

KEYWORDS: SCAPES, SERVICESCAPE, DESIGNSCAPE, DESTINATION BRANDING, PLACE, PLACE IDENTITY, PLANNING, REVITALISATION, URBAN REDEVELOPMENT

Progress in tourism research: From the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism - A review

Hall, C.M. and Page, S. 2009, Progress in tourism research: From the geography of tourism to geographies of tourism - A review. Tourism Management 30(1) in press. <doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.05.014>

This Progress in Tourism Management paper seeks to review the development of geographical contributions to the study of tourism over the last decade. Given the limited number of surveys of geography published in academic journals since the 1970s, it is particularly timely to question and debate where the subject has evolved to, the current debates and issues facing those who work within the subject and where the subject will evolve in the next five years. The paper is structured around a number of distinct themes to emerge from the research activity of geographers, which is deliberately selective in its coverage due to the constraints of space, but focuses on: explaining spatialities; tourism planning and places; development and its discontents; tourism as an ‘applied’ area of research, and future prospects. 

Keywords: Geography; Space; Place; Environment; Mobilities

This is the in press version. For the final version please consult the Tourism Management/Elsevier web site.

Swedish tourism and climate change mitigation: An emerging conflict?

co-authored with Stefan Gössling (Western Norway Research Institute / Lund Helsingborg)

Gössling, S. & Hall, C.M. 2008, Swedish tourism and climate change mitigation: An emerging conflict? Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 8(2): 141-158 <DOI: 10.1080/15022250802079882>.

Sweden has been one of the driving forces in establishing the new post-Kyoto agreement of the European Union (EU), with the goal of achieving a 20% reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020 over the base year 1990. The Swedish national goal of emission reductions has been set even higher. Global tourism has recently been identified as an economic sector contributing significantly to emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly through transport, but there are as yet few comprehensive studies assessing its role in global warming on a national basis. In the light of this, this paper seeks to provide an estimate of emissions from tourism in Sweden, showing that these account for about 10% of Swedish emissions, and increase rapidly. National emission reduction goals are thus in stark contrast to emission growth in the tourism sector, but this is not addressed in the government’s climate strategy. The paper concludes that it may be highly relevant for governments to consider emissions from tourism, and particularly aviation, in climate policy.

The development of cross-cultural (mis)understanding through volunteer tourism

Raymond, E.M. & Hall, C.M. 2008, The development of cross-cultural (mis)understanding through volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5): 530-543.

Volunteer tourism is an increasingly popular activity in which individuals combine travel with voluntary work. On the whole, existing literature has provided an optimistic view of volunteer tourism, suggesting that it represents a more mutually beneficial form of tourism that can develop cross-cultural understanding among participants. However, more recently, authors have argued that if volunteer tourism programmes are not carefully managed, they may in fact lead to cross-cultural misunderstanding and the reinforcement of cultural stereotypes.
Through conducting an Appreciative Inquiry into a number of volunteer programmes, this research sought to explore these ideas further and, in particular, identify the role that volunteer tourism sending organisations can play in order to ensure that cross-cultural understanding develops through volunteer tourism. This paper presents the findings from this research, arguing that sending organisations can have an important influence at a number of stages in the volunteer programme, starting with the development of the programme and continuing after their volunteers have completed the programme.

Key words: Volunteer tourism, cross-cultural understanding, global citizenry, sending organisation, gap year, host communities

Coastal tourism planning and policy in New Zealand

Hall, C.M. 2009, Coastal tourism planning and policy in New Zealand, pp.120-134 in Coastal Tourism Development, eds. R. Dowling & C. Pforr, New York: Cognizant Communication.

This is the draft version of the chapter- complete with errors! Written in 2007 the chapter is likely to be very quickly superseded by the election of the conservative Keys' government in late 2008 and the accompanying coalition agreement to review the RMA.

Archetypal Approaches to Implementation and Their Implications for Tourism Policy

Hall, C.M. 2009, Archetypal approaches to implementation and their implications for tourism policy, Tourism Recreation Research, 34(3): 235-245.

Although recognized as an important area of tourism policy making there are relatively few studies of implementation in tourism, especially with respect to relating tourism policy to the broader public policy and planning literature on implementation. Three archetypes of implementation analysis are presented that draw on the public policy field and these are discussed in relation to exemplar studies, approach to policy analysis, aims, themes, standpoint, underlying concept of democracy, and a number of other factors. The implications of these archetypes for the analysis of tourism are noted. It is concluded that implementation studies are significant not only for analysing the gap between policy and action but also for highlighting struggles between policy interests and actors with respect to outcomes and the implications of using different policy frameworks.

Key words: implementation, policy analysis, public policy, policy-action, policy outcomes, implementation gap

This version is a copy of the manuscript as accepted (complete with any types and errors etc). Please refer to the journal for the authoritative version.

'Nature tourism in New Zealand' in Turism i natur. Definitioner, omfattning, statistik. Turism i natur. Definitioner, omfattning, statistik. (pp.79-90)

Turism i natur: Definitioner, omfattning, statistik Peter Fredman, Sandra Wall Reinius & Christine Lundberg Med bidrag av C. Michael Hall, Michael Yuan & Laila Gibson Turismforskningsinstitutet ETOUR R2009:23 Mid-Sweden University, Östersund. ISBN 978-91-86073-59-6; 79-90

Summary
Fredman, P., Wall Reinius, S. & Lundberg, C. 2009. Nature Tourism in Sweden: Definitions, Extent, Statistics. Mid-Sweden University, European Tourism Research Institute ETOUR,
Report no. 2009:24.

Nature is considered to be important for Swedish tourism and has a significant impact on the international image of Sweden. Nature tourism is intuitively easy to understand but difficult to measure in more precise terms due to a lack of a formal, universally accepted, definition. As a result, our knowledge about nature tourism and related statistics is insufficient, both from a tourism providers (supply of products and services) and tourism consumers (visits to nature outside the ordinary surroundings) perspectives. The aims of the present report are to describe nature tourism from both tourism provider and consumer points of view, to propose a definition of nature tourism, to examine present tourism statistics and other sources of knowledge from a Swedish nature tourism perspective, and to present suggestions on how nature tourism in Sweden can be better measured and quantified. This report also includes four international case studies – from New Zealand, North America, Scotland and Finland – to provide a better perspective of nature tourism. The results from our work can be summarized in five main conclusions:
There is a lack of definition: Nature tourism (and similar concepts) is used frequently in many different contexts without any formal definition. We suggest a broad definition that builds upon the present definition of tourism in general.
Current statistics say little: Current tourism statistics are very general and can only to a limited degree explain or measure nature tourism.
Similarities with other countries, but many things to learn from them: The situation in Sweden is not unique, the international case studies show similar conditions in other countries.
Nature tourism must be measured from several perspectives: The great diversity of nature tourism calls for measurements from different perspectives. We suggest four measurements – two consumer surveys, one producer survey and systematic on site visitor surveys.
A need for coordination and leadership: Nature tourism involves many stakeholders and there is a need for coordination and leadership from many levels including local, regional, national, and international where responsibility for grounded research is included in the mission.

A framework for the evaluation of winery servicescapes: A New Zealand case

McDonnell, A. & Hall, C.M. 2008, A framework for the evaluation of winery servicescapes: A New Zealand case. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural (Journal of Tourism and Cultural Heritage), 6(2), 231-247.

Abstract: In an increasingly competitive market to attract visitors, wineries are often seeking new means to enhance the visitor experience. However, despite recognition of the importance in the wine tourism literature of the setting in which wine experiences occur there has been little adoption of the servicescape concept from the marketing literature and its adoption as a potential diagnostic tool. The paper utilizes the concept to develop a potential diagnostic tool that may be used by wineries and cellar door venues to evaluate their servicescape attributes. Preliminary results are provided which demonstrate the utility of the servicescape framework but further research is required to test the framework in different culture and design settings.
Key words: servicescape, New Zealand, wine tourism, cellar door

Resumen: En un mercado cada vez más competitivo para atraer a invitados, las bodegas a menudo buscan nuevo piensa realzar la experiencia de invitado. Sin embargo, a pesar del reconocimiento de la importancia en la literatura de turismo de vino del ajuste en el cual las experiencias de vino ocurren hubo un poco de adopción del concepto servicescape de la literatura de mercadotecnia y su adopción como un instrumento diagnóstico potencial. El papel utiliza el concepto para desarrollar un instrumento diagnóstico potencial que puede ser usado por bodegas y locales de puerta de sótano para evaluar sus atributos de servicescape. Los resultados preliminares son proporcionados que demuestran la utilidad del marco servicescape pero se requiere que la investigación adicional pruebe el marco en cultura diferente y ajustes de diseño.
Palabras claves: servicescape, Nueva Zelanda, turismo de vino, puerta de sótano

Modelling the patterns and drivers of tourism related employment for South East Queensland, Australia – A spatial econometric approach

Chetri, P., Corcoran, R. & Hall, C.M. 2008, Modelling the patterns and drivers of tourism related employment for South East Queensland, Australia – A spatial econometric approach. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(2): 25-38.

Through the application of spatial econometric techniques, this paper examines the spatial patterns of tourism and the role of the underlying geography of urban economic spaces in modelling Tourism Related Employment (TRE) across the South East Queensland (SEQ) region in Australia. Despite a decline in the degree of inequality in the distribution of TRE over the last decade, the SEQ region exhibits a high concentration of TRE along the coast as well as manifesting a strong spatial dependency, that means areas of high employment in tourism sector tend to have neighbours with high values or vice versa. The economies of agglomeration, dwelling density and accessibility to shopping centres are found to be significant positive predictors of TRE; whilst the proximity to industrial areas and closeness to open spaces are identified to exert negative externalities.

Key words: Tourism Related Employment, sunbelt region, spatial econometrics, spatial autocorrelation, and GIS.

The Helsingborg Statement on Sustainable Tourism

Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., Lane, B. Weaver, D. 2008, The Helsingborg Statement on Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(1), 122-124.

Tasting fees and the youth market

Treloar, P. & Hall, C.M. 2008, Tasting fees and the youth market. Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa em Turismo – RBTur, 2(2) < http://www.rbtur.org.br/index.php/revista&gt;

Many wineries in Australia and New Zealand are seeking strategies to continue to develop in a highly competitive marketplace. One such strategy is via the development of wine tourism. Although there is a significant amount of literature of the relative advantages and disadvantages of wine tourism for small wineries, particularly with respect to its educational and market development function, there is very little research available on how wine tourism is perceived by the next generation of wine drinkers – the youth market. The purpose of this study is therefore to gain a better understanding of how the youth market perceives tasting fees at wineries and influences on purchasing and other wine behaviours. In late 2003, 599 surveys were distributed to ten universities throughout Australia and New Zealand, of which 448 were returned, representing a valid response rate of 74.8 percent. The results of the survey indicated that the majority of respondents who thought of wine tourism as an appealing activity, who had visited wineries previously, who normally consumed and purchased wine and who had some knowledge of wine all thought that a fee at the cellar door would impact on their decision to visit. Wineries need to maximise the return on their wine, however there also needs to be recognition of the potential trade-off between immediate returns from charging for tastings and cellar-door sales versus longer-term returns from direct and indirect sales. In some markets, and particularly the ‘Generation Y’ market, seeking short-term returns through charging may affect longer-term custom and loyalty. However, regardless of the strategy, it is important that it is effectively communicated to the market, particularly if individual wineries are interested in growing the market for the future.

Tourism and Climate Change: Knowledge Gaps and Issues

Hall, C.M. 2008, Tourism and climate change: Knowledge gaps and issues. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(3): 339-350.

The relationships between tourism and climate change are emerging as some of the most important tourism research and policy issues. The article reviews recent research on tourism and climate change in order to identify key research foci, issues and knowledge gaps. The analyses the place of tourism within IPCC assessments and the influential Stern Review on the economics of climate change, and identifies the far greater significance attached to tourism in the IPCC reports in comparison with Stern. Tourism issues identified in the IPCC as well as other literature help provide an overview of the major contemporary research themes in tourism and climate change. An account of research on a regional basis is undertaken which identifies significant knowledge gaps in tourism and climate change relationships, especially in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Polar regions. This is then extended to the broader knowledge base of climate change adaptation, mitigation and impacts. The paper concludes that there are a number of major gaps in the current state of knowledge of tourism and climate change that require urgent attention if climate change issues are to be adequately addressed.

KEYWORDS: adaptation, climate change, impacts, IPCC, knowledge, mitigation, policy

The potential for appreciative inquiry in tourism research

Raymond, E.M. & Hall, C.M. 2008, The potential for appreciative inquiry in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 11(3): 281-92.

Appreciative Inquiry (AI) is perceived to be a significant recent innovation in action-research. It has been proposed as providing the opportunity to close the gap between theory and practice, focus on the positive aspects of a situation, and turn towards socio-rationalism. While it is rarely used in tourism research, this paper suggests that there is significant potential for the adoption of this approach within our discipline. It is typically used to facilitate positive developments within organisations and could be employed in this way within the tourism industry. Moreover, existing studies suggest that it can also be adopted as an evaluation technique or as an interview tool for field research. In addition, a recent AI conducted into good practice in volunteer tourism points to the way in which AI can be applied as a methodology in tourism. In particular, this example highlights the way in which AI encourages participants to identify examples of success, as well as explore imaginative ideas for the future. It is shown to be an enjoyable process which allows individuals to frame problems in a more positive light.

Key Words: Appreciative Inquiry, action-research, good practice, volunteer tourism

Scoping Paper: Tourism, Sustainability and Innovation

An 'issues paper' developed in 2008 for the Sustainable Norwegian Tourism Project,Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Geotourism, Western Norway Research Institute, Sogndal, Norway, more information from: http://www.vestforsk.no

Introduction
Concern over achieving sustainable development lies at a number of different scales of governance and organisation ranging from the international through to the local and individual persons and firms. Tourism firms and destinations also have a major role to play in achieving sustainable forms of tourism as part of systems of innovation. However, the notion
of adaptation as a form of innovation that is understandable in the context of tourism business practice has not been well articulated but it is an essential component of understanding the capacities of destinations and firms to adapt and respond to the challenges of sustainability including climate change.

Scoping Paper: Local food, Tourism and Sustainability

An 'issues paper' developed in 2008 for the Sustainable Norwegian Tourism Project,Centre for Sustainable Tourism and Geotourism, Western Norway Research Institute, Sogndal, Norway, more information from: http://www.vestforsk.no

Introduction
The notion of sustainable consumption is often used as a general term to encompass issues related to human needs, equity, quality of life, resource efficiency, waste minimisation, life cycle thinking, consumer health and safety, among many others. So how does integrating local food into tourism development relate to these issues? The concept of sustainable consumption calls for changes in the patterns and levels of consumption - perhaps encouraging tourism operations to focus on local food is one change in consumption patterns that could aid sustainability.

Co-authored with Sandra Wilson

The fakery of ‘The authentic tourist’

Hall, C.M. 2007, Response to Yeoman et al: The fakery of ‘The authentic tourist’. Tourism Management, 28(4), 1139-40.

Authenticity is a concept originating in the condition of modernity. Inauthenticity or fakery is identified essentially an attempt to replicate meaning. Yet replication is not intrinsically bad, what is important is the different experiential depth between the original and the replication. Inauthenticity emerges out of the very attempt to retain or regain authenticity. More problematic is when there is a deliberate attempt to deceive. Authenticity is derived from the property of connectedness of the individual to the perceived, everyday world and environment, the processes that created it and the consequences of one’s engagement with it. There is no problem in searching for authenticity but in the belief that ‘the authentic tourist’ can be satisfied with a holiday package. Arguably, the most authentic tourists of all may be those wanting to visit friends and relations. A number of trends are then identified as far more significant for tourism flows and consumption than authenticity.

KEY WORDS: Authenticity, fakery, connectedness, experience, modernity

Pro-poor tourism: Do “tourism exchanges benefit primarily the countries of the South”?

Hall, C.M. 2007, Pro-poor tourism: Do “tourism exchanges benefit primarily the countries of the South”? Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3): 111-8

Tourism and regional competitiveness

Hall. C.M. 2007, Tourism and regional competitiveness, pp.217-230 in Advances in Tourism Research, Tourism Research, New Directions, Challenges and Applications, eds J. Tribe and D. Airey, Elsevier, Oxford.

North-South perspectives on tourism, regional development and peripheral areas

Hall, C.M. 2007, North-South perspectives on tourism, regional development and peripheral areas, pp.19-37 in Tourism in Peripheries: Perspectives from the Far North and South, eds. D. Müller and B. Jansson, CABI, Wallingford.

Politics, Power and Indigenous Tourism

Hall, C.M. 2007, Politics, power and indigenous tourism, pp. 305-318 in Tourism and Indigenous Peoples: Issues and Implications, eds. R. Butler and T. Hinch. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Tourism, governance and the (mis-)location of power

Hall, C.M., 2007, Tourism, governance and the (mis-)location of power, pp.247-269 in Tourism, Power and Space, eds A. Church and T. Coles, Routledge, London.

New Zealand tourism entrepreneur attitudes and behaviours with respect to climate change adaption and mitigation

Hall, C.M. 2006, New Zealand tourism entrepreneur attitudes and behaviours with respect to climate change adaption and mitigation. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 1(3): 229-237.

Abstract: Although the potential impacts of climate change on tourism has been examined with respect to tourism destinations and resorts there is a dearth of information on the attitudes and behaviours of small firm entrepreneurs even though such enterprises make up by far the bulk of the tourism industry by number of businesses. The attitudes and adaptation and mitigation behaviours of New Zealand entrepreneurs towards climate change is reported in a longtitudinal qualitative study of 43 rural tourism businesses. Climate change was regarded as potentially significant in the future but in the short-term ranked well below other business concerns. Significantly, where enterprises had been affected by extreme weather events attitudes and behaviours towards climate change differed markedly from those unaffected, although opposition to regulatory approaches with respect to climate change continued. Overall, adaptation rather than mitigation appeared to be the favoured strategies of tourism businesses.

Keywords: tourism, climate change, global environmental change, entrepreneur, New Zealand, adaptation, mitigation

Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: The thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism

Hall, C.M. 2006, Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: The thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism. Sociological Review Monograph, Sports Mega-events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon, 54(s2), 59-70.< DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00653.x> (available as Sociological Review Monograph, Sports Mega-events: Social Scientific Analyses of a Global Phenomenon, eds. J. Horne & W. Manzenreiter, Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review)

Sports mega-events are widely recognised as constituting a significant mechanism to engage in urban imaging and redevelopment strategies. However, since the 1970s there has been a qualitative change in the institutional context of mega-events with corporate interests playing a much greater role in shaping their production and consumption. Such changes have gone hand-in-hand with the development of the neoliberal project and state supported urban entrepreneurialism that promotes the need to enhance place competitiveness. In the case of sports mega-events this has influenced urban development and reimaging function through the utility of public-private partnerships; the convergence of sport, mega-events, media and urban development; and government promotion of the competitive benefits of mega-events.

The article therefore examines several corporatist dimensions of sports mega-events within the associated discourses of competitiveness and neoliberalism. First, regulation of public and private space so as to enhance the competitiveness of certain corporate interests and restrict others. Second, the development of closed or extremely narrow spaces of policy debate with respect to the hosting of mega-events and the development of associated infrastructure. Third, the extent to which the rhetoric of events as development vehicles with respect to urban regeneration is realised. The article concludes that the neoliberal agenda of contemporary sports mega-events and competitiveness in the place market has the potential to become a zero-sum game that only serves to strengthen corporate rather than public benefits of hosting such events. However, discourses regarding the value of place competition and sport are so dominant that it is unlikely that the justifications of urban growth coalitions to host such events in all but the most limited of circumstances

The impact of tourism knowledge: Google Scholar, citations and the opening up of academic space

Hall, C.M. 2006, The impact of tourism knowledge: Google Scholar, citations and the opening up of academic space. EReview of Tourism Research, 4(5): 119-136.

Tourism studies has recently been subject to increasing debate regarding journal and research rankings. This debate is reflective of broader concerns over the use of bibliometric tools for purposes for which they were not originally designed. Google Scholar is examined as a means of accessing the citation impact of tourism publications in comparison with Thomson Scientific [formerly Thomson Institute of Scientific Information (ISI)] databases. For pre-1990 publications the citation counts tended to be proportional. For papers published from 1990 on not only were the citation counts proportional the actual number of citations also tended to be very similar. The highest ranking tourism publications by citations are also provided.

The geography of tourism is dead. Long live geographies of tourism and mobility

Coles, T. & Hall, C.M. 2006, Editorial: The geography of tourism is dead. Long live geographies of tourism and mobility. Current Issues in Tourism, 9(4-5): 289-292.

Uncertainties in predicting tourist flows under scenarios of climate change

Gössling, S. & Hall, C.M. 2006, Uncertainties in predicting tourist flows under scenarios of climate change. Climatic Change, 79(3-4): 163-73.

DOI: 10.1007/s10584-006-9081-y

Uncertainties in predicting travel flows: common ground and research needs. A reply to Tol et al.

Gössling, S. & Hall, C.M. 2006, Uncertainties in predicting travel flows: common ground and research needs. A reply to Tol et al. Climatic Change, 79(3-4) : 181-3.

Tourism and post-disciplinary inquiry

Coles, T., Hall, C.M. & Duval, D. 2006, Tourism and post-disciplinary inquiry. Current Issues in Tourism, 9(4-5): 293-319.

In recent times there has been discussion about whether studies of tourism are variously a disciplinary, multi-disciplinary or inter-disciplinary pursuit and how these relate to the institutional landscapes and practices of higher education. For some academics, these discourses are somewhat arid, but we would contend they are vital as they serve to set the epistemological terms of references for tourism scholars and play a not insignificant role in orchestrating knowledge production about tourism. This paper revisits some of these concerns relating to disciplinarity, and it suggests that disciplines as we understand them today are an artefact of previous academic divisions of labour which still dominate current institutional regulatory regimes. The purpose of the paper is to suggest that tourism studies would benefit greatly from a post-disciplinary outlook, i.e. a direction ‘beyond disciplines’ which is more problem-focused, based on more flexible modes of knowledge production, plurality, synthesis and synergy. Three possible approaches to the post-disciplinary study of tourism are identified by drawing on lessons from studies of political economy. While post-disciplinary studies of tourism have considerable potential to further our understanding of several major contemporary research themes, their introduction may be frustrated by the tourism academy and frameworks of academic governance.

Culinary tourism and regional development: From slow food to slow tourism?

Hall, C.M. 2006, Culinary tourism and regional development: From slow food to slow tourism? Tourism Review International, 9(4), 303-306.

Wine tourism research: The state of play

Mitchell, R. & Hall, C.M. 2006, Wine tourism research: The state of play. Tourism Review International, 9(4), 307-332.

Research on wine tourism has expanded rapidly since the early 1990s with approximately two-thirds of the literature coming from Australia and New Zealand, countries with not only substantial wine tourism but also a long record of wine marketing research. Of the remaining literature the dominant source countries for research and Canada and the United States. Seven themes are identified from the literature and are discussed in turn: the wine tourism product and its development; wine tourism and regional development; the size of the winery visitation market; winery visitor segments; the behaviour of the winery visitor; the nature of the visitor experience; and emerging area of research on the biosecurity risks posed by visitors. For each of the themes future research challenges and issues are identified. The review concludes by noting although there is now a significant catalogue of research in the field, methods are still relatively crude and studies still tend to be regionally focused and quite generic in nature. There is therefore a need not only to improve the means by which results from different locations and populations can be compared but also to employ greater sophistication in the employment of qualitative and quantitative techniques in their examination.

KEY WORDS: wine tourism, product, regional development, visitor behaviour, visitor experience

Local food in tourism: An investigation of the New Zealand South Island’s bed and breakfast sector’s use and perception of local food

Nummedal, M. & Hall, C.M. 2006, Local food in tourism: An investigation of the New Zealand South Island’s bed and breakfast sector’s use and perception of local food. Tourism Review International, 9(4), 365-378.

This study’s aim was to investigate the New Zealand South Island’s bed and breakfast (B&B) sector’s use and perception of local food produce. In 2003 a survey was mailed to every South Island B&B listed in The New Zealand Bed & Breakfast Book. Of the total sample of 570 B&Bs, 247 completed the questionnaire, providing a response rate of 43%.  The results indicated that the B&B sector show a great overall interest in local foods. Not only did the majority of respondents indicate that they use a lot of local produce in their cooking, but they also indicated that they would very much like to increase usage. Respondents also found it important to support local food producers. However, availability and reliability affect the sourcing of local produce. Respondents also undervalued their own role as promoters of local food towards visitors. The study concludes that there is a need to ‘educate’ members of local food networks, including the B&B sector, about the positive benefits of food and tourism relationships to all sectors, with respect to increased visitor interest and satisfaction as well as the development of longer-term promotional and purchase relationships as part of the consumer value chain.

Key Words: Local food, bed and breakfast, food tourism, culinary tourism, networks, New Zealand

Policy, planning and governance in ecotourism

http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=7ZiMAAAACAAJ&dq=ecotourism+in+Scandinavia

Hall, C.M. 2006, Policy, planning and governance in ecotourism, 193-206 in Ecotourism in Scandinavia, eds. S. Gössling & J. Hultman, CAB International, Wallingford.

Amenity migration in the South Island of New Zealand: Contestation for land and landscape in Central Otago

Hall, C.M. 2006, Amenity migration in the South Island of New Zealand: Contestation for land and landscape in Central Otago, 295-305 in Amenity Migrants: Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and their Cultures, ed. L. Moss, CAB International, Wallingford.

Stewart Island, New Zealand

Hall, C.M. 2006, Stewart Island, New Zealand, pp.219-234 in Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World’s Cold Water Islands, ed. G. Baldacchino, Elsevier, Oxford.

Bushwalkers, National Parks and the Age of Conservation: The Creation of Australia’s First Alpine National Park

Wirtschaftsgeographische Studien (Wien) 32/33, 2006

(proof version) provided as part of a festschrift for Felix Juelg

This paper tells the story how Australia’s first Alpine National Park, The Kosciuszko Park, came into being. It deals with the relevant groups (bushwalking clubs, National Parks and Primitive Areas Council [NPPAC]), the leading personalities (e.g. Myles Dunphy as the pivotal figure) and their interplay with scientific committees and political decision makers. The first concrete plans appeared in 1932 but, however, came to fruition only when an alliance with politicians was formed which first and foremost wanted to preserve the water resources for future use. In 1944 “Kosciuszko State Park” was
created by an Act of Parliament of the Federal State New South Wales. The establishment of a specially protected Primitive Area within the park as had been anticipated in the law could not originally be carried out because of a clash of interests between ‘conservationists’ versus ‘recreationalists’. It was as late as 1963, under the treaty of a large reservoir project, that a Primitive Area of 250 km² became established. Although the dams were built eventually, the creation of the first Alpine National Park became a milestone and turning point in the conservation policy of Australia. In conclusion, parallels but differences in detail to the US National Parks Movement are pointed out.

‚Bushwalkers’, Nationalparks und die Epoche des Naturschutzes :

Die Schaffung des ersten alpinen Nationalparks Australiens
Der Artikel zeichnet die Entstehungsgeschichte des ersten alpinen Nationalparks in Australien, des Kosciuszko Parks, nach. Behandelt werden die relevanten Gruppierungen (Bushwalking Clubs, National Parks and Primitive Areas Council [NPPAC]), die wichtigsten Akteure (u.a. Myles Dunphy als Leitfigur) und ihr Zusammenwirken mit wissenschaftlichen Gremien und politischen Entscheidungsträgern. Ab 1932 gab es konkrete Vorhaben, welche erst in einer Allianz mit Politikern, die vor allem die Wasserressourcen für künftige Nutzung bewahren wollten, zum Ziel führten: 1944 wurde der ‚Kosciuszko State Park’ durch ein Gesetz des Bundesstaates New South Wales errichtet. Die im Gesetz vorgesehene Etablierung einer besonders geschützten ‚Primitive Area’ innerhalb des Parks scheiterte zunächst an Interessengegensätzen zwischen reinen Naturschützern und Rekreationsbefürwortern (‚conservationists’ vs. ‚recreationalists’); erst 1963, als ein großes Staudammprojekt drohte, wurde eine ‚Primitive Area’ im Ausmaß von 250 km² eingerichtet. Obwohl auch die Staudämme schließlich gebaut wurden, bedeutete die Etablierung des ersten alpinen Nationalparks einen Meilenstein und Wendepunkt in der Naturschutzpolitik Australiens. Abschließend werden Parallelen, aber auch Detailunterschiede zur US-amerikanischen Nationalpark-Bewegung aufgezeigt.

Travel and journeying on the sea of faith: Perspectives from Religious Humanism

Hall, C.M. 2006, Travel and journeying on the sea of faith: Perspectives from Religious Humanism, pp.64-77 in Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys, eds D. Timothy and D. Olsen, Routledge, London and New York.

Space-time accessibility and the tourist area cycle of evolution: The role of geographies of spatial interaction and mobility in contributing to an improved understanding of tourism

Hall, C.M. 2006, Space-time accessibility and the tourist area cycle of evolution: The role of geographies of spatial interaction and mobility in contributing to an improved understanding of tourism, pp.83-100 in The Tourism Life Cycle: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues, ed. R. Butler, Channelview Publications, Clevedon.

Biosecurity and wine tourism

Hall, C.M. 2005, Biosecurity and wine tourism. Tourism Management, 26: 931-8

Biosecurity is a major issue for agricultural based economies such as Australia and New Zealand. The paper provides a framework for biosecurity management strategies at the pre-border, border, and post-border stages of biosecurity threat. Issues of biosecurity are then examined in more detail with respect to the wine industry and wine tourism and one specific aspect of biosecurity control, the customs declaration form. A survey of wine tourists in New Zealand was conducted and it was noted that many of them did not recognise vineyards or wineries in the present descriptors used on the Australian and New Zealand customs declaration forms. Further questioning found that given the mobility of wine tourists that they posed significant biosecurity threats for wineries, many of which had no biosecurity strategy in place. The paper concludes that the utility of present customs declaration forms to the wine industry in New Zealand is questionable while also noting the need for biosecurity strategies to be adapted at a winery and vineyard level.

Sobre el turismo y la movilidad en tiempos de movimiento y conjetura posdisciplinar [On tourism and mobility and moments of post-disciplinary movement and conjecture]

Coles, T., Duval, D. & Hall, C.M. 2005, Sobre el turismo y la movilidad en tiempos de movimiento y conjetura posdisciplinar [On tourism and mobility and moments of post-disciplinary movement and conjecture]. Politica y Sociologia, 42(1): 85-99. (reprinted in Politica y Sociologia, 42(2): 181-198).

Systems of surveillance and control: Commentary on “An analysis of institutional contributors to three major academic tourism journals: 1992-2001”

Hall, C.M. 2005, Systems of surveillance and control: Commentary on “An analysis of institutional contributors to three major academic tourism journals: 1992-2001”. Tourism Management, 26(5): 653-6.

The assessment of academic publishing performance has implications not only for individuals and institutions, but also the development of tourism as a field of study. The article examines the ways in which academic journals are used and how this relates to scholarship and performance. The article notes some of the difficulties in citation analysis, questions what should be regarded as core quality tourism journals, and argues that citation evaluations, without being linked to a broader understanding of the sociology of tourism knowledge, may be highly instrumental in character. The article concludes by questioning whether citation analyses are undertaken to actually contribute to understanding the development of a field and the knowledge networks which eventuate, or whether they represent a flawed attempt to develop ‘league tables’ of performance.

Keywords: sociology of tourism knowledge,  academic journals, citation evaluation, instrumentalism, surveillance

Wine Marlborough: A profile of visitors to New Zealand’s oldest wine festival

Hall, C.M. and Mitchell, R. 2005, Wine Marlborough: A profile of visitors to New Zealand’s oldest wine festival. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 3(1): 77-90.

The Wine Marlborough Festival is New Zealand's longest running wine festival. This paper provides a profile of visitors to the 2003 BMW Marlborough Wine Festival with comparisons being made where possible to visitor profiles from 1999, 2000 and 2002. In addition comparisons are drawn with the results of a national wine visitor survey. The results suggest not only significant differences in the profile of event goers on a year by year basis but also substantial differences between wine event attendees and winery visitors in the Marlborough region. These findings have significant implications for the positioning of the specific Wine Marlborough event as well as broader issues of wine marketing strategy.

KEYWORDS: wine tourism, event, festival, New Zealand, Marlborough

Mobilising tourism: A post-disciplinary critique

Coles, T., Hall, C.M. & Duval, D. 2005, Mobilising tourism: A post-disciplinary critique. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(2): 31-41.

Tourism has been the subject of considerable academic attention over the last three decades. Recently, there have been notable criticisms over the nature of tourism research and an alleged lack of theorization. Published exchanges have also focused on the contested disciplinary status of tourism. In this paper, we revisit these debates and consider them in light of increasing calls for post-disciplinary modes of investigation. In particular, we emphasize the need to understand tourism as just one form of human movement in a wider spectrum of mobilities. The consequences of pursuing a post-disciplinary approach are discussed. If studies of tourism are determined to reflect contemporary conditions, they should move away from traditional inter- and multi-disciplinary approaches to more flexible forms of knowledge production.

KEYWORDS
Tourism, mobility, human movement, disciplines, inter-disciplinary, post-disciplinary.

Reconsidering the geography of tourism and contemporary mobility

Hall, C.M. 2005, Reconsidering the geography of tourism and contemporary mobility. Geographical Research, 43(2): 125-39.

Tourism is one of the world’s largest legal industries. At the same time that tourism has grown so has its study. To the extent that there is debate as to whether it may constitute a discipline in its own right. Geographers have long contributed to the study of tourism. However, there is substantial concern over the development of the sub-discipline and how tourism is conceptualised. A framework for understanding tourism in relation to contemporary human mobility over space and time is provided. This framework bears strong relationships to research on time geography as well as to work on diaspora and transnationalism. Some of the implications of incorporating tourism within the framework of mobility are outlined with respect to mobility as a form of capital, the relationships between different forms of mobility, and an improved understanding of tourism’s impacts at all stages of the travel process rather than just at the destination.

KEY WORDS: accessibility, time-budget, discipline, time-geography, spatial interaction, second homes, sustainability

Time, space, tourism and social physics

Hall, C.M. 2005, Time, space, tourism and social physics. Tourism Recreation Research, 30(1): 93-8.

Mobility has emerged as a major theme in contemporary social science research. Issues of time, space and scale are central to understanding such mobility and the epistemology of tourism studies. Various implications of space-time approaches are discussed as well as means by which they can be modeled. The paper concludes by noting the importance of integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in any social physics of human mobility.

KEY WORDS: TIME, SPACE, TIME GEOGRAPHIES, CONSTRAINTS, MOBILITY, SOCIAL PHYSICS

Selling places: Hallmark events and the reimaging of Sydney and Toronto

Hall, C.M. 2005, Selling places: Hallmark events and the reimaging of Sydney and Toronto, pp.129-151 in The Political Economy of Sport, eds. J. Nauright and K. Schimmel, Palgrave Macmillan.

Shifting spaces of masculinity: From Carisbrook to the MCG

Hall, C.M. 2005, Shifting spaces of masculinity: From Carisbrook to the MCG, pp.155-64 in Spaces of Masculinity, eds. B. van Hoven & K. Hoerschelmann, Routledge, London.

Entrepreneurial characteristics and issues in the small-scale accommodation sector in New Zealand

Hall, C.M. & Rusher, K. 2005, Entrepreneurial characteristics and issues in the small-scale accommodation sector in New Zealand, pp.143-54 in Tourism SMEs, Service Quality and Destination Competitiveness: International Perspectives, eds E. Jones & C. Haven,  CABI, Wallingford.

Tourism sustainability and health impact in high altitude ACE destinations: a case study of Nepal's Sagarmatha National Park

Musa, G., Hall, C.M. & Higham, J. 2004, Tourism sustainability and health impact in high altitude ACE destinations: a case study of Nepal's Sagarmatha National Park. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(4): 306-31.

Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) is an ACE (Adventure, Cultural and Ecotourism) high altitude destination. Many researchers argue that tourism development in the region is not sustainable and does not comply with ecotourism concepts.  They report that SNP suffers considerable environmental, socio-cultural and economic impacts.  Health issues, despite the number of ailments commonly experienced by tourists, remain neglected in tourism literature.  This study aims to investigate the health consequences of visiting SNP.  750 questionnaires were given out during three separate seasons in 1999. 448 completed usable questionnaires were returned giving a 59.7% response rate. The results show that despite good travel preparation, the majority of tourists (89.4%) suffer some form of health ailment. The most common ailments are mountain sickness, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea and respiratory infection. The study also shows several significant relationships between the incidence of health ailments and demographic profiles, motivation and satisfaction.  It proposes that for high altitude ACE destinations like SNP, health issues should be a core component of destination management in order to ensure the sustainability of tourism development.  High risk groups should be identified and tourism education should be targeted to both tourists and locals.

Key Words: ACE, ecotourism, high altitude, sustainable, health, mountain sickness

Rural wine and food tourism cluster and network development

Hall, C.M. 2005, Rural wine and food tourism cluster and network development, pp.149-64 in Rural Tourism and Sustainable Business, eds. D. Hall, I. Kirkpatrick & M. Mitchell, Channelview Press, Clevedon.

Content analysis

Hall, C.M. & Valentin, A. 2005, Content analysis, pp.191-209 in Tourism Research Methods: Integrating Theory with Practice, ed. P. Burns, C. Palmer, & B. Ritchie, CABI, Wallingford.

Tourism, mobility and global communities: New approaches to theorising tourism and tourist spaces

Coles, T., Duval, D. & Hall, C.M. 2004, Tourism, mobility and global communities: New approaches to theorising tourism and tourist spaces, pp.463-481 in Global Tourism, 3rd ed., ed. W. Theobold, Heinemann, Oxford.

Transnational mobilities of Pacific Islanders resident in New Zealand

Hall, C.M.  and Duval, D. 2004, Transnational mobilities of Pacific Islanders resident in New Zealand, pp.78-94 in Tourism and Diaspora, eds. T. Coles and D. Timothy, Routledge, London.

Sports tourism and urban regeneration

Hall, C.M. 2004, Sports tourism and urban regeneration, pp.192-206 in Sports Tourism: Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, eds B. Ritchie & D. Adair, Channelview Publications, Clevedon.

The post-visit consumer behaviour of New Zealand winery visitors

Mitchell, R. & Hall, C.M. 2004, The post-visit consumer behaviour of New Zealand winery visitors, Journal of Wine Research, 15(1): 39-49. <DOI: 10.1080/0957126042000300317>

Visitation to wineries has often been cited as an important way in which a winery can establish and/or reinforce loyalty amongst its consumers. However, to date few studies have explored the consumer behaviour of winery visitors beyond the cellar door. A study by King & Morris (n.d.) concluded that just 13 percent of visitors to Margaret River wineries made a purchase of wine from the winery of survey in the 18 months following their visit. In contrast, this paper reports that more than 46 percent of visitors to New Zealand wineries made a post visit purchase in a period of just six to eight months following their visit. This paper presents some of the results of the second phase of a two phase tracking survey of New Zealand winery visitors. The study found a higher propensity for brand loyalty was apparent amongst visitors to certain regions and to medium and large-sized wineries, domestic visitors, females, those with intermediate or advanced wine knowledge, those that drink wine more frequently and purchase more wine. More importantly however, it found brand loyal behaviour (post-visit purchase and repeat visitation) amongst repeat visitors to wineries and those that purchased wine during their visit. The study further found that there is a high degree of positive word of mouth (a by-product of brand loyalty) amongst all winery visitors.

The 2003 New Zealand Wineries’ Survey

Christensen, D., Hall, C.M. & Mitchell, R. 2004, The 2003 New Zealand wineries survey, pp.144-9 in Creating Tourism Knowledge, 14th International Research Conference of the Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education, Book of Abstracts, 10-13 February, School of Tourism and Leisure Management, University of Queensland.

In 1997/98 a survey was conducted of New Zealand wineries with respect to their attitudes towards wine tourism and their relationship to key wine and food tourism stakeholders (Hall & Johnson, 1998). The survey was the first national level survey of the supply of the wine tourism product conducted in the world. The present paper presents the results of a slightly modified version of the previous national winery 1997/98 survey which was conducted in the May-July 2003. The paper highlights some preliminary results and conclusions derived from the survey results.

Tourism: Conceptualisations, institutions and issues

Hall, C.M., Williams, A.M. and Lew, A. 2004, Tourism: Conceptualisations, institutions and issues, pp.3-21 in Companion to Tourism, eds. A. Lew, C.M. Hall & A.M. Williams, Blackwells, Oxford.

This chapter was the introductory chapter to the Companion to Tourism book edited by Alan, Allan and myself. Details of the book are available from the Blackwell website (now a part of John Wiley) <http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/contents.asp?ref=9780631235644&gt; where this chapter is available as a download. Please note that it is a final proof version.

Wine Tourism and the Generation Y Market: Any Possibilities?

Treloar, P., Hall, C.M. & Mitchell, R. 2004, Wine tourism and the generation Y market: Any possibilities? in Creating Tourism Knowledge, 14th International Research Conference of the Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education, 10-13 February, eds C. Cooper, C. Arcodia, D. Soinet and M. Whitford, School of Tourism and Leisure Management, University of Queensland. (CD)

Changes in the operating environment for the wine industry in Australia and New Zealand have led to an increasing focus on wine tourism as a potential distribution method to grow a winery’s individual consumer base. Wine tourism is also seen as a strategy for encouraging growth in consumption amongst new markets. This research investigated the alcohol consumption behaviour of the Generation Y market to determine current purchasing behaviour, and their participation levels and interest in wine tourism. The aim of the research was to establish if potential for growth existed within the Generation Y market, and possible marketing strategies to increase levels of participation in wine consumption and wine tourism. To achieve this aim a survey was conducted of university students in Australia and New Zealand.

The results showed that wine purchasing was limited within this group, as other alcohol such as beer and spirits were seen as easier and cheaper alternatives. However, the responses did show a potential for growth within this market. The research found that a large proportion of the respondents thought of wine tourism as an appealing tourism activity, and many had visited a winery. The results suggested that marketing which focuses on the leisure aspects of wine tourism, rather than highlighting the technical elements of a winery such as production and cellaring, would be most effective on this market. Furthermore, highlighting convenient travel methods and value for money was also found to be important, as the Generation Y markets financial situation was noted frequently as a limiting factor in wine purchase.

Tourism issues, agenda setting and the media

Hall, C.M. 2003, Tourism issues, agenda setting and the media, e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 1, No. 3 http://ertr.tamu.edu

Paper covers similar ground as the CIT article on the issue-attention cycle but in a much more compressed form.

Reflexivity and tourism research: Situating myself and/with others

Hall, C.M. 2004, Reflexivity and tourism research: Situating myself and/with others, pp.137-155 in Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies, eds. J. Phillimore & L. Goodson, Routledge, London.

Quite a personal piece of writing

REFLEXIVIDAD E INVESTIGACIÓN TURÍSTICA: SITUANDOME YO MISMO Y CON LOS DEMAS

Spanish translation of chapter in J. Phillmore and L. Goodson (eds) (2004) Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies, Routledge, London.

Spanish translation of chapter, please note that source of Figure 1 should be Hall and Page (1999).

Small firms and wine and food tourism in New Zealand: issues of collaboration, clusters and lifestyles

Hall, C.M., 2004, Small firms and wine and food tourism in New Zealand: issues of collaboration, clusters and lifestyles, pp.167-181 in Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives, ed. R. Thomas, Elsevier, Oxford.

Security and tourism: towards a new understanding?

Hall, C.M., Timothy, D. & Duval, D. 2004, Security and tourism: towards a new understanding? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2-3): 1-18.

The article provides a review of the expansion of the concept of security and the relationship of security to tourism. It is argued that the concept of security has become transformed from one of collective security and common defence to embrace notions of common and cooperative security. Despite the damage done to the concept of collective security because of the United States led invasion of Iraq, the development of common security structures through collective, multilateral frameworks such as the United Nations remains important for the expansion of security concerns to cover the environment, health and economic threats. The article also notes that tourism and supranational tourism organizations have little influence on peace and security agendas although such agendas are important for tourism. Nevertheless, particularly at the micro-level, appropriate tourism development may serve as a means to ward off potential future conflict over resource and environmental security.

Keywords: Collective security; common security; environmental security; tourism security; invasion of Iraq

also published in:

Hall, C.M., Timothy, D. and Duval, D. 2004, Security and tourism: towards a new understanding? pp.1-18 in Safety and Security in Tourism: Relationships, Management and Marketing, eds C.M. Hall, D. Duval, D. & D. Timothy, Haworth Press, New York.

Developing a tourism knowledge: educating the student, developing the rural area

Croy, G. & Hall, C.M. 2003,Developing a tourism knowledge: educating the student, developing the rural area. Journal of Teaching in Travel and Tourism, 3(1): 3-24.

Second homes and regional population distribution: On administrative practices and failures in Sweden

Müller, D. & Hall, C.M. 2003, Second homes and regional population distribution: On administrative practices and failures in Sweden. Espace Population Societes, 2003-2: 251-61.

Seasonality in New Zealand winery visitation: an issue of demand and supply

Mitchell, R. & Hall, C.M. 2003, Seasonality in New Zealand winery visitation: an issue of demand and supply. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 14(3/4): 155-73.

Seasonality is a major issue in tourism management; however, the implications of seasonality for wine tourism have only received limited attention. Arguably, because of the interaction between seasonal patterns of consumer demand with the inherent seasonality of vineyard work and wine supply means that seasonality issues may be even more problematic for wine tourism than other forms of tourism. The article provides the results of a national study on wine tourism in New Zealand. The article highlights the seasonal nature of visitation and suggests a number of marketing strategies by which some of the effects of seasonality may be overcome in terms of both target markets and the improved management of human resources.
Keywords: Wine tourism; seasonality; New Zealand

Tourism in capital cities

Hall, C.M. 2002, Tourism in capital cities. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 50(3): 235-248.

The article presents an overview of some of the tourism dimensions of capital cities, a specific form of urban tourism which has received little explicit recognition in the tourism literature. The article discusses the nature of the capital city function and its potential relationship to specific forms of tourism. Different administrative arrangements for tourism are also discussed. Examples from Canada and Australia also highlight potential difficulties in integrating capital city functions with that of tourism. The article concludes that the capital city function has enormous benefits for heritage and culturally related tourism as well as business travel and that the capital city function deserves greater recognition in the urban tourism literature than what has hitherto been the case.


KEY WORDS: Capital cities, urban tourism , heritage, Ottawa, Canberra.

The changing cultural geography of the frontier: national parks and wilderness as frontier remnant

Hall, C.M. 2002, The changing cultural geography of the frontier: national parks and wilderness as frontier remnant, pp.283-98 in Tourism in Frontier Areas, eds. S. Krakover & Y. Gradus, Lexington Books, Lanham.

Travel safety, terrorism and the media: the significance of the issue-attention cycle

Hall, C.M. 2002, Travel safety, terrorism and the media: the significance of the issue-attention cycle. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(5): 458-66.

Also published in:

Hall, C.M. 2003, Travel safety, terrorism and the media: the significance of the issue attention cycle, pp.207-214 in Turismin Synkkä Syyskuu 2001, eds E. Arola & J. Kärkkäinen, Jyväskylan Ammattikorkeakoulu Julkaisuja 24, Jyväskylan Ammattikorkeakoulu, Jyväskyla.

Japan and tourism in the Pacific Rim: Locating a sphere of influence in the global economy

Hall, C.M. 2001, Japan and tourism in the Pacific Rim: Locating a sphere of influence in the global economy, pp.121-136 in Tourism and the Less Developed Countries, ed. D. Harrison, CAB International, Wallingford.

Territorial economic integration and globalisation

Hall, C.M. 2001, Territorial economic integration and globalisation, pp.22-44 in Tourism in the Age of Globalisation, eds C. Cooper & S. Wahab, Routledge, London.

Trends in coastal and marine tourism: the end of the last frontier?

Hall, C.M. 2001, Trends in coastal and marine tourism: the end of the last frontier? Ocean and Coastal Management, 44(9-10): 601-618. doi:10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00071-0

Marine and coastal tourism is one of the fastest growing areas within the world’s largest industry. Yet despite increased awareness of the economic and environmental significance of
marine and coastal tourism it is only in recent years that a substantial body of research has emerged. This article provides a review of some of the coastal and marine tourism literature which focuses, in particular, on the environmental impacts of tourism. The article then notes the manner within which tourism is a component of integrated approaches towards coastal and marine management and some of the strategies that are utilised to manage tourism in a sustainable fashion.

Keywords: Coastal tourism; Marine tourism; Sustainability; Environmental impacts; Management strategies.

This is the in-press version. For the authoritative published version please go to the journal website http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VG5-44B6TR8-4&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2001&_rdoc=4&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236029%232001%23999559990%231%23FLA%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=6029&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=7&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c64fb0e0ae6c56025135f6823eaea285

Imaging, tourism and sports event fever: the Sydney Olympics and the need for a social charter for mega-events

Hall, C.M. 2001, Imaging, tourism and sports event fever: the Sydney Olympics and the need for a social charter for mega-events, pp.166-83 in Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration, eds. C. Gratton & I.P. Henry, Routledge, London.

The paper attached is the one originally prepared for the Sport in the City conference at Sheffield Hallam on which the book chapter was based.

Its actually interesting seeing this paper in an historical context as post-Beijing the need for such a social contract is arguably greater than even in the Olympic and mega-event context.

Tourism and migration: new relationships between production and consumption

Williams, A. & Hall, C.M. 2000, Tourism and migration: new relationships between production and consumption. Tourism Geographies, 2(1): 5-27.

The Botanist's last journey: John Muir in South America and Southern Africa, 1911-12

Hall, C.M. & Mark, S. 1999, The Botanist's last journey: John Muir in South America and Southern Africa, 1911-12, pp.217-232 in John Muir in Historical Perspective, ed. S. Miller, Peter Lang Publishing, New York.

Geography, marketing and the selling of places

Hall, C.M. 1997, Geography, marketing and the selling of places. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 6(3/4): 61-84.

Also published in:
Hall, C.M. 2004, Geography, marketing and the selling of places, pp. 283-304 in Tourism: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences, vol.1. ed. S. Williams, Routledge, London.

Place and regions have recently been rediscovered as major frameworks of analysis within the social sciences. However, both the gography of tourism and marketing have failed to adequately contextualise the concept of place within current social and cultural theory, including the concepts of production, consumption and postmodernism. The article argues that much of the place marketing literature emerges from an empiricist tradition which commodifies place as a product and fails to critically evaluate the implications of selling places on the people which constitute places. The paper concludes by arguing that contextualisation and the encouragement of argument within the disciplines is critical to their continued relevance to the public sphere.

The material that the paper was based on was first presented at a seminar just prior to leaving the University of Canberra. Please note that the document provided is my first final draft of the manuscript which is about 3,000 words longer than the version published in JTTM.

The final version is available at http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a904051017~db=all~order=page

Rethinking collaboration and partnership: a public policy perspective

Hall, C.M. 1999, Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(3/4): 274-289.

Also published in:

Hall, C.M. 2000, Rethinking collaboration and partnership: a public policy perspective, pp.143-158 in Tourism Collaboration and Partnerships: Politics, Practice and Sustainability, eds B. Bramwell & B. Lane, Channel View Publications, Clevedon.

Hall, C.M. 2006, Rethinking collaboration and partnership: A public policy perspective, pp.167-182 in Managing Tourist Destinations, eds. A. Papatheodorou, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.

Issues of coordination, collaboration and partnership are now at the forefront of much tourism research on finding new solutions to resource management and destination development problems. However, despite the value of such attention in possibly improving destination management and the development of more sustainable forms of tourism, the concepts have remained relatively poorly critically analysed from a public policy perspective. The paper argues that the emphasis associated with network concepts is related to the changing role of the state in Western society and the attempt to find market or semi-market solutions to resource and production problems. However, the paper argues with reference to examples from various Western countries, and Australia in particular, that caution needs to be applied in the utilisation of these concepts because of the implications that theymay have for notions of governance and the public interest. In addition, the paper argues that the predominance of narrow corporatist notions of collaboration and partnership in network structures may serve to undermine the development of the social capital required for sustainable development.

Paper is provided here following the Channelview policy of making papers freely available after 4 years since publication.

The legal and political dimensions of sex tourism: the case of Australia's child sex tourism legislation

Hall, C.M. 1998, The legal and political dimensions of sex tourism: the case of Australia's child sex tourism legislation. pp.87-96 in Sex Tourism and Prostitution: Aspects of Leisure, Recreation, and Work, ed. M. Oppermann, Cognizant Communication Corporation, New York.

The politics of decision making and top-down planning: Darling Harbour, Sydney

Hall, C.M. 1998, The politics of decision making and top-down planning: Darling Harbour, Sydney. pp.9-24 in Tourism Management in Cities: Policy, Process and Practice, eds D. Tyler, M. Robertson & Y. Guerrier, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

Mega-events have played a major role in the growth of tourism in Australia. Mega-events are a major tool with which to encourage urban redevelopment and reimaging. A case study of the redevelopment of Darling Harbour, Sydney, is provided. The case study indicates that the hosting of a mega-event leads to fast-track planning in which public participation is negligible and which also leads to the development of new middle-class urban leisure spaces.
Note the document provided is the first draft of the manuscript.

Wine tourism in New Zealand: larger bottles or better relationships

Hall, C.M. & Johnson, G. 1997, Wine tourism in New Zealand: larger bottles or better relationships, pp.73-86 in Trails in the Third Millenium, Conference Proceedings, eds. J. Higham & G. Kearsley, Centre for Tourism, University of Otago, Dunedin.

Increasing attention is being provided both by academics and business to the relationship between wine and tourism. However, despite the wine as a factor in the development of destination attractiveness by tourism businesses and organisations in New Zealand little is known about the nature of the wine tourism market, attitudes of the wine industry to tourism and the extent to which alliances and relationships exist between the wine and tourism industries. This paper examines the results of a survey of wineries conducted in late 1997 towards tourism and the extent of their relationships with the tourism industry. The paper concludes that while such relationships are starting to develop, large gaps exist in the mutual understanding between the two industries.

- Provides results of the first New Zealand wine survey. Again perhaps useful from an historical context.

Tourism, political instability and social unrest

Hall, C.M. & O'Sullivan, V. 1996, Tourism, political instability and social unrest, pp.105-121 in Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues, eds. A. Pizam & Y. Mansfield, John Wiley, Chichester.

Ecotourism in Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific: appropriate tourism or a new form of ecological imperialism?

Hall, C.M. 1994, 'Ecotourism in Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific: appropriate tourism or a new form of ecological imperialism?', pp.137-158 in Ecotourism: A Sustainable Option?, eds. E.A. Cater, G.A. Bowman, John Wiley/Royal Geographical Society, Chichester/London.

Wine tourism in New Zealand

Hall, C.M. 1996, Wine tourism in New Zealand, pp. 109-119 in Tourism Down Under, Tourism Research Conference, ed. G. Kearsley. Dunedin: Centre for Tourism.

This paper provides an overview of some of the issues which emerge in the analysis of wine tourism in New Zealand. It provides a brief overview of wine tourism and an outline of the New Zealand wine industry. It then discusses wine tourism in New Zealand, including the significance of sales to visitors for wineries, the nature of the New Zealand wine tourism product, and the structure of the wine tourism market. Finally, the paper discusses some of the potential issues that exist in New Zealand wine tourism with respect to appellation controls and regional tourism and business promotion.

Paper has been provided as the definition of wine tourism is gives has been oft-quoted as well as the segmentation of wine tourists into three main market segments.

John Muir's travels in Australasia 1903-1904: their significance for environmental and conservation thought

Hall, C.M. 1993, John Muir's travels in Australasia 1903-1904: their significance for environmental and conservation thought, pp.286-308 in John Muir: Life and Work, ed. S. Miller, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

paper provided is the draft of the conference paper on which the chapter was based.

The worthless lands hypothesis and Australia's national parks and reserves

Hall, C.M. 1989, The worthless lands hypothesis and Australia's national parks and reserves, pp.441-456 in Australia's Ever Changing Forests, eds. K. Frawley, N. Semple, Department of Geography Monograph Series, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra

John Muir in New Zealand

Hall, C.M. 1987, John Muir in New Zealand, New Zealand Geographer, 3(2): 99-103.

Blending Coffee and Fair Trade Hospitality

draft only of chapter in L. Joliffe (ed) 2010, Coffee Culture, Destinations and Tourism, Channelview, Bristol.

Chapter looks at fair trade coffee marketing and how fair trade coffee is perceived (and adopted or not) by inner city Christchurch, New Zealand cafés. 45 cafés were examined with just over half participating in interviews. Research highlights how the notion of mainstreaming needs to be applied to cafés as well as the more usual supermarket outlets. The majority of those interviewed cited ethical reasons as the reason for supplying fair trade coffee though taste, quality and good business practice were also important

John Muir: The grandest character in national park history

Hall, C.M. 1988, John Muir: The grandest character in national park history, Australian Science Magazine, March: 44-47.

Discusses John Muir's travels around Australia as part of his world trip 1903-4 and their implications for conservation thought.

An Island Biogeographical Approach to Island Tourism and Biodiversity: An Exploratory Study of the Caribbean and Pacific Islands

Asia-Pacific Journal of Tourism Research forthcoming

Islands are especially susceptible to the loss of indigenous species following anthropogenic change. Although tourism has long been cited as a justification for conserving biodiversity via the establishment of national parks and reserves it also contributes to biodiversity loss as a result of direct habitat change and human activies as well as more indirectly via the introduction of exotic species and environmental change. An island biogeographical approach is used to provide an exploratory analysis of tourism and biodiversity relationships in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands. Data suggests that the islands are under heavy anthropogenic pressure of which tourism is just one element, although for some countries tourism represents a substantial real increase in the size of the human population. Few of the countries examined have anywhere near the recommended percentage of area protected with marine ecosystems being least conserved. The study concludes that there are significant data gaps for examining tourism and biodiversity relations at the national level but suggests that island biogeographical approaches may yield significant insights into the pressures of tourism on biodiversity at smaller scales if adequate data can be gained.

Key words: Island Biogeography, biodiversity, tourism, conservation, Caribbean, Pacific Islands

(Unfortunately Tables 1 & 2 are not on the pdf but can be provided upon request until i post page proofs)

Changing Paradigms and Global Change: From Sustainable to Steady-State Tourism

Hall, C.M. 2010, Changing paradigms and global change: From sustainable to steady-state tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), accepted.

The field of Tourism Studies has given substantial attention to the issue of sustainability sense the late 1980s. However, despite the plethora of publications, conferences, plans and strategies that deal with sustainability, tourism is arguably less sustainable than it has even been. The reasons for this are several-fold and include the relative weakness of sustainability research in tourism as an epistemic community; economic, institutional and political barriers; and the inherent problems of the concept in terms of its capacity to marry social, environmental and economic indicators, and particularly the addiction to economic growth. Following an outline of the continued expansion of tourism’s contribution to global environmental change the article provides a re-conceptualisation of sustainable tourism from an ecological economics perspective. From this approach sustainable tourism development is therefore understood as tourism development without growth in throughput of matter and energy beyond regenerative and absorptive capacities. Steady state tourism is therefore a tourism system that encourages qualitative development but not aggregate quantitative growth to the detriment of natural capital. In the case of tourism, more does not mean better, and growth does not mean development. Tourism policy implications are also examined while the likelihood of such a change is also discussed. It is concluded that while the political-economic indications for such a transformative approach are not immediately encouraging the environmental necessity is stronger than ever.

Key words: sustainable tourism, global environmental change, epistemic community, ecological economics, degrowth, steady-state tourism


Figure 2 is not included in this pdf but can be provided upon request or can otherwise be seen in the Dublin conference presentation that's also available.

For the authoritative version please consult the journal website: http://www.trrworld.org/

The Future of Tourism: Can Tourism Growth and Climate Policy be Reconciled? A Climate Change Mitigation Perspective

Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., Peeters, P. and Scott, D. 2010, The future of tourism: a climate change mitigation perspective. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), accepted. (draft only) 

Tourism is an increasingly significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions growth in the sector is in substantial conflict with global climate policy goals that seek to mitigate climate change through deep emission reductions. This article discusses the role of various tourism sub-sectors in generating emissions, and technical and management options in reducing these. It concludes that given observed and anticipated emission growth rates, technology and management will not be sufficient to achieve even modest absolute emission reductions in the sector, pointing to the key role of social and behavioural change in realizing climatically sustainable tourism. The article also discusses some of the systemic barriers that have to be overcome in order for tourism to comply with post-Kyoto Protocol global mitigation frameworks. The article concludes that radical change will be needed to reconcile the holiday and business travel demands of a growing world population with the climate policy targets of the international community, specifically restricting anthropogenic global warming to less than 2°C.

Keywords: aviation, climate change, climate justice, climate policy, greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation, tourism

The Life and Opinions of C. Michael Hall, Gent: A Shandy or Full Beer? Volume the First

pp. 51–68, The Discovery of Tourism, edited by Stephen Smith, Emerald Publishing group, 2010; Tourism Social Science Series, Volume 13

First draft of an autobiographical piece for an edited book on the histories of geographers who have made a career of studying tourism. In great part I guess because we are seeing generational change occurring (Unfortunately, unless i get given gardening leave this won't be me for a while. Though some of the things in the chapter may promote that).
As some may be aware the title, as well as some of its style is derived from The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, by Laurence Sterne, although some elements are more in keeping with Ulysses or Kozinski or even, what I did on my holidays. There's plenty left out, but the majority of my muses still remain undiscussed - probably safer that way!

I have to give special thanks to Steve Smith the editor for fighting for the chapter to be accepted in this style as some, including the book series editor, did not appear terribly keen!

Last Chance to See? Future Issues for Polar Tourism and Change

Hall, C.M. & Saarinen, J. 'Last Chance to See? Future Issues for Polar Tourism and Change' in C.M. Hall and J. Saarinen (eds) Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Climate, Environments and Regions, Routledge. London, in press.

Final draft of the concluding chapter for the forthcoming book. Please note that the page number refer to pages on the draft manuscript not the final authoritative version of the paper that will be in the book.

Politics and Tourism – interdependency and implications in understanding change

Hall, C.M. (2010) Politics and Tourism – interdependency and implications in understanding change, in Tourism and Political Change, eds. R. Butler and W. Suntikul, Goodfellow Publishers, Oxford, in press.

This is the first draft of a paper that will be a chapter in a forthcoming book on tourism and political change. The chapter has several main themes:
- concepts of politics and public policy (it is likely that this will be read by tourism studies people after all)
- issues of how we understand change with respect to the relationships between theory and public policy
- the role of temporality in understanding change
- the use of the three framework approach (Rational stages model, Advocacy coalition model, and the argumentative turn) to help understand different policy conceptions of how change occurs.


Those interested in such things will note the continued influence of Majone on my public policy interests as well as the more recent work of Kay on the dynamics of public policy, whose work on temporality I think is particularly pertinent.

Island Destinations: A natural laboratory for tourism

Hall, C.M. 2009, Editorial. Island Destinations: A natural laboratory for tourism, Asian Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, submitted.

Draft of editorial for a special issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research on island destinations.

Neoliberal Urban Entrepreneurial Agendas, Dunedin Stadium and the Rugby World Cup: Or ‘If you don't have a stadium, you don't have a future’

C. Michael Hall and Sandra Wilson, draft version of manuscript, to be published in Dredge & Jenkins.

Draft of forthcoming chapter in Dredge, D. and J. Jenkins (2010 forthcoming) Stories of Practice: Tourism
Policy and Planning, Farnham, Ashgate ISBN 978-0-7546-7982-0.

Details elements of the planning story of the new Dunedin Stadium. Of particular interest are the interrelationships between local elites and local institutions, the decision-making processes, and the public subsidy of private sport and events. Whether the new stadium ultimately does contribute to the longer term competitiveness of Dunedin remains a highly contested issue.

Copreneurship in rural tourism: Exploring women's experiences

Bensemann, J. and Hall, C.M. (2010) Copreneurship in rural tourism:  Exploring women's experiences, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, in press.

This paper explores the experiences of owners of rural tourism accommodation businesses in New Zealand within the framework of copreneurship and specifically examines roles within copreneurial rural tourism businesses and describes and evaluates  women’s experiences of entrepreneurship.  The rural tourism accommodation sector in New Zealand is characterised by lifestyle entrepreneurship with non-economic, lifestyle motivations being important stimuli to business strategy.  The research finds that any perception of copreneurship as a tool for enabling women to become freed from traditional gender roles may not equal the reality as a gendered ideology persists in copreneurial relationships in rural tourism.  Copreneurial couples appear to engage in running the accommodation business using traditional gender-based roles mirroring those found in the private home.

Keywords
Gender, women, copreneurship, small business, tourism

This is a draft version of the paper as submitted. For the authoritative version please check the journal website http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/journals/journals.htm?PHPSESSID=fq474afbek7iub8evhiriun5n6&id=IJGE

Equal Access for All? Regulative mechanisms, inequality and tourism mobility

Hall, C.M.,’ Equal Access for All? Regulative mechanisms, inequality and tourism mobility’, in Tourism and Inequality: Problems and Prospects, eds. S. Cole and N. Morgan, Wallingford: CABI, in press. (draft only)

draft of book chapter, for the authoritative version please see the CABI book (http://bookshop.cabi.org/default.aspx?site=191&page=2633&pid=2258)

This chapter focuses on those who are relatively immobile because of economic and other structural and regulative mechanisms such as class, race, gender, and religion that affect the economic and social capital of individuals in society and therefore their life chances, including with respect to tourism related mobility. This chapter primarily focuses on the allocation of economic resources as a central regulative mechanism of tourism mobility but other forms of regulation are noted. The chapter is divided into three main sections. First, a discussion of inequality in relation to concepts of tourism mobilities. Second, the use of national travel survey data to illustrate the way in which mobility is unevenly distributed in society and the strong relationship of those mobilities to economic unevenness. British, EU, American and New Zealand data are used to illustrate how poverty and lack of car access in particular affects leisure mobility, while New Zealand data is also expanded with reference to findings from a qualitative assessment of access to tourism and leisure mobility. Finally, the chapter concludes by stressing the importance of connecting social exclusion to understandings of leisure mobility and how restricted activity space may serve as an indicator of social justice.

John Muir

Hall, C.M. 2010,’ John Muir’, in Giants of Tourism, eds. R. Butler and R. Russel, Wallingford: CABI, in press (draft only)

This is a draft of the chapter. For the authoritative version please consult the book at http://bookshop.cabi.org/default.aspx?site=191&page=2633&pid=2251

John Muir (1838-1914), botanist, geologist, natural historian, conservationist, philosopher, writer, and self-confessed 'tramp', is one of the 'the grandest character[s] in national park history' (Mills 1916, p. 25). In addition to being one of the founding fathers of the United States National Park System, and being especially associated with the creation of the Yosemite National Park, Muir influenced the nature and direction of the conservation and national park movements throughout the world (Fox 1981; Nash 1982; Cohen 1984; Worster 2008). As Powell (1977, p. 108) argued, the 'commitment to activism in the international wilderness movement is John Muir's best memorial'. However, Muir’s significance for tourism is much greater than the direct effects of his activism which helped protect a number of areas in the western United States as national parks, monuments and reserves – as important as that is. Instead, Muir, perhaps more than anyone else of the time, helped shape what many people in the United States, and later throughout the developed world, imagine a national park to be, and therefore served to substantially influence the way in which tourism to natural areas, and what would now likely be termed as ‘ecotourism’, was developed. For Muir, it was not only important to gaze upon nature’s wonders in terms of appreciating the sublime, but also to directly experience it through walks, rambles and overnight camps. This is especially significant, not only in terms of the growth of nature-based tourism, but also with respect to the role that tourism may play in both appreciating nature and providing an economic alternative to forms of land use that may otherwise reduce aesthetic and/or environmental values (Hall 1992; Runte 1997; Hall and Frost 2009). As a result, Muir was therefore instrumental in the development of the paradox faced by many national park agencies - to encourage both conservation and visitation to national parks as well as promoting national parks as visitor attractions in their own right (Frost and Hall 2009).

Academic capitalism, academic responsibility and tourism academics: Or, the silence of the lambs?

Hall, C.M. 2010, Academic capitalism, academic responsibility and tourism academics: Or, the silence of the lambs? Tourism Recreation Research, 35(3), accepted.

This short piece is a response to a paper on “‘Post-colonialism’, responsibility and tourism academics: where’s the connection?” as part of the Research Probes (commentary and debates) section of Tourism Recreation Research. This version is a draft only. For the definitive article please go to the journal web site: http://www.trrworld.org/

The paper argues that any analysis of academic responsibility related to broader debates on global issues of importance must, of necessity, deal with ethical issues. But just as significantly we need to understand positionality and the location of individual academics, as well as academic institutions, within broader webs of power, values and interests.

The paper also draws substantially on my 2004 chapter on reflexivity in tourism. Unfortunately, i don't think that anything has changed in the intervening six years and if anything the neoliberal agenda for university research and teaching and in tourism studies has become even more pronounced.